
The issue of underage drinking is not a new one. During the 1960s, the drinking age itself was a very controversial issue. The age of legal drinking was reduced to age 18 and quickly raised back to 21 (Underage drinking, 2001). Although the legal drinking age in the United States is 21, many teens ignore the legal drinking age and drink. Today, we can observe that many teenagers have experienced drinking from a young age. According to Kenneth H. Beck, professor and researcher at the University of Maryland, national surveys confirm that 26% of the students in grade 8 and 60% of high school students in America drink alcohol (Davis, 2003). Moreover, 21% of students in grade 9 and 42% of students in grade 12 binge drink (Davis, 2003). What are the causes of underage drinking? The following paper will examine the factors that lead to underage drinking. There are several reasons why teenagers drink; the main reasons are peer pressure and low self-esteem, poor parental guidance, and a lack of spare time activities.
First of all, underage drinking has increased because of peer pressure and low self-esteem. Although peer pressure is hard to deal with at any age, it is very difficult for teens because they are going through a lot of changes and are still trying to figure out who they are. This can cause many teens to feel insecure and
have low self-esteem. According to Mothers Against Drunk Driving, some teens give in to peer pressure and drink because they want to fit in and be liked (MADD). Other teens drink because they are afraid of being teased (MADD). John Davies and Barrie Stacey (1972) observed that many teenagers like to drink because they want to feel accepted by their peer group (p. xiii). They show that teenagers believe they have to drink to be considered a sociable person. Teens believe that a person who does not drink at all is a weak person; however, a person who drinks too much is considered to be a tough and unsociable person (p. xiii). Therefore, if a teenager has low self-esteem and does not have the confidence to say ‘no’, their need to be liked and accepted by their peers can lead to underage drinking (Sparks, 2005). According to a survey, teenagers believe that boys who drink get all the girls, girls who drink get more dates, and young people who drink are more attractive (Davies and Stacey, 1972, p. 59). This indicates that teenagers believe they have to drink to be popular.A second factor that contributes to underage drinking is poor parental guidance. In an article on parents and underage drinking, the author presents research from Kenneth H. Beck and Joseph Califano on the crucial role parents play in teen drinking. According to the article, an authoritarian approach to parenting can lead a teen to underage drinking (Davis, 2003). In this approach, parents have high demands and expectations, but lack a warm relationship with their children. Parents often use threats and punishments, such as yelling and searching their children’s rooms for
alcohol. Davies and Stacey (1972) believe that strict parents who teach their children that alcohol is bad and who forbid drinking can cause their children to rebel against them by drinking secretly: “If they receive from the adults with whom they have close contact the impression that alcohol use by teenagers is disapproved of, or even explicitly forbidden, then a model of alcohol use is provided which is eminently suitable as a vehicle for symbolizing rebellious feelings towards adult authority” (p. 82). Therefore, these teenagers see alcohol as something considered unacceptable. As a result, they are the heaviest drinkers, and they drink in secret (p. ix).On the other hand, people who have tasted alcohol at home with their parents for the first time, such as on Christmas and New Year, do not see alcohol as a negative thing and drink less: “If, on the other hand, children learn that drinking is a part of normal everyday life, that it can be a useful concomitant to social behaviour, and that it is perfectly acceptable, a model of alcohol use is provided which is less likely to be adopted as a means of expressing rebellious feelings” (Davies and Stacey, 1972, p. 82). Therefore, if parents do not teach their children about the responsible use of alcohol, this can cause teens to drink secretly and illegally.

The last factor that causes underage drinking is a lack of spare time activities, such as pastimes and hobbies. Davies and Stacey (1972) suggest that teenagers who are engaged in team sports and youth clubs are less likely to drink than those who go to clubs and dances because the teenagers who are busy with team sports do not have alcohol available to them, whereas teenagers who go to dances and parties can find alcohol and have it available to them (p. 44). In other words, teenagers need to keep busy. Additionally, after school, teenagers need to do some extra activities that pass the time and keep them busy; otherwise some of them may turn to drinking if they have too much free time. If a teenager is idle and poorly supervised because their parents are less involved in their life and do not monitor their activities, it is possible for them to become
involved in alcohol. In contrast, Beck (Davis, 2003) says that kids who do a lot of activities with their parents are less likely to drink.
In summary, according to researchers, we found that the causes of underage drinking are the force of peer groups, the lack of parental guidance, and the lack of pastime activities or hobbies. Even though 92% of boys and 85% of girls have tasted alcohol by age 14, this is not necessarily bad, especially if they only drink a little bit. For example, it is not bad if teenagers try a little bit of alcohol from their parents, as on Christmas, birthdays, and New Year.
Most young people drink a little. The problem is that some teenagers drink too much and in secret (Davies and Stacey, 1972, p. 81). This may lead to alcoholism, alcohol poisoning, and drinking and driving. Therefore, to prevent drinking, parents should monitor their children, set rules and expectations for them, such as setting a curfew, and they should also spend quality time bonding with their children (Davis, 2003). They should also know their teen’s friends, and they should communicate with their teenagers in order to increase the teen’s willingness to talk to them about any sensitive issue, such as alcohol use. Most importantly, parents should have a warm relationship with their children (Davis, 2003).











